Children involved in bullying: Psychological disturbance and the persistence of the involvement

Objective: This follow-up investigation studied the extent of bullying amon g children aged 8 (Study I) and 12 (Study 2), and measured the persistence of this behaviour. The relationship between bullying and psychological dist urbance at these two time points was also studied. Furthermore, the relatio nships between bullying and some background factors were investigated. Method: 1268 children were studied at two time points using three different questionnaires. Parents filled out the Rutter A2 Scale, teachers the Rutte r B2 Scale and children themselves the Children's Depression inventory (CDI ). Results: Males outnumbered females at both time points among bullies, bully -victims (children who both bully and are victims) and victims. There was a clear difference between the genders among bullies and bully-victims, but the difference was quite minimal among victims. The number of children invo lved in bullying declined somewhat during the 4-year follow-up period, and a substantial number of children changed status, bullies became bully-victi ms for example. Nearly half the children involved in bullying in Study 2 ha d been involved 4 years earlier. Those children who were bully-victims in S tudy 1 were most commonly found to be still involved in bullying 4 years la ter. At both time points, children involved in bullying were found to have significantly more psychiatric symptoms than other children, and to be psyc hologically disturbed. Males and children from low SES families were more p rone to continue to be involved in bullying over a 4-year period. Conclusions: Bullying is common among children, and in many cases lasts for years. Bully-victims are particularly at risk of remaining involved in bul lying over longer periods. Also, children involved in bullying often have p sychiatric problems and are disturbed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.