The biological reaction in atropic and hyperthropic pseudarthrosis of diaphysis of long bone. Causes and forms of appearance

The grading of long-tubular-bone pseudarthrosis depends on the biological r eaction or lack of reaction in pseudarthrosis or non-unions. Hypertrophic a nd oligotrophic pseudarthrosis belongs to biologically reacting non-unions, whereas non-reacting non-unions are necrotic pseudarthrosis and defective non-unions with partial decline or complete destruction of cortical substan ce. Pseudarthrosis is a serious disturbance or disorder within the regulati on cycle in fracture healing, which consists of osteoregeneration, osteovas cularization and stabilization. The causes and underlying reasons for distu rbance of this regulation cycle are primarily massive destruction of the bi ological and functional very important unity of periost, cortical substance and medullary space. This can occur from trauma, but it happens more often from surgical procedures that do not take the biological principles of bon e-healing into account. Surgical strategies and interventions that respect the importance of periosteal tissue, cortical tissue and medullary space do fill the biological principles of fracture-healing and fracture union.