This paper reviews research on fluxes of carbon in Australian floodplain ri
vers. Except where cover is absent, and in-stream gross primary production
is >1 gC m(-2) day(-1) and ratios of production to respiration are >1, ripa
rian sources dominate carbon pools in catchment streams. On floodplains, pr
imary production by river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) forests is sim
ilar to 600 gC m(-2) year(-1). Total primary production by aquatic macrophy
tes and biofilms in floodplain wetlands is >2500 gC m(-2) year(-1) and >620
gC m(-2) year(-1), respectively. Large pools of particulate organic carbon
(POC) exist on floodplains as litter (>500 gC m(-2)) and coarse woody debr
is (similar to 6 kgC m(-2)). Floods may release 50 gDOC m(-2) from leaf lit
ter. Export of this DOC (dissolved organic carbon) may be substantial relat
ive to autochthonous production in river channels. Sediments deposited on f
loodplains during large floods represent a substantial sink of riverine POC
(up to 280 gC m(-2)). Bacteria are responsible for rapid decomposition of
DOC and POC in floodplain wetlands (sediment respiration and methanogenesis
, both similar to 1 gC m(-2) day(-1)). Flow and its interaction with geomor
phology control carbon fluxes in rivers. Decreased inputs of floodplain car
bon, following river regulation and physical disturbances to catchments and
floodplains, may have resulted in many Australian rivers being dominated b
y algal production.