c-jun N-terminal kinase mediates apoptotic signaling induced by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), a retinoic acid analog, induces apop tosis in several cell types. The mechanism by which 4-HPR initiates apoptos is remains poorly understood. We examined the effects of 4-HPR on two prost ate carcinoma cell lines, LNCaP (an androgen-sensitive, p53(+/+) cell line) and PC-3 (an androgen-insensitive, p53(+/+) cell line). 4-HPR caused susta ined c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and apoptosis in LNCaP cells but not in PC-3 cells at the dosages tested. Activation of JNK by 4-HPR was independent of caspases because a pan-caspase inhibitor failed to suppress JNK activation. Ultraviolet-C and gamma-radiation induced JNK activation i n both LNCaP and PC-3 cells, suggesting that the failure of PC-3 cells to r espond to 4-HPR was due to defects upstream of the JNK pathway. Furthermore , gamma-radiation-induced JNK activation was suppressed by an antioxidant, but 4-HPR-induced JNK activation was not, indicating that these two stimuli induced JNK activation through different mechanisms. Forced expression of JNK1, but not a JNK1 mutant, caused apoptosis in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells, suggesting that p53 is not required for JNK-mediated apoptosis. 4-HPR-indu ced apoptosis in LNCaP cells was suppressed by curcumin, which inhibits JNK activation. Expression of dominant-negative mutants in the JNK pathway als o inhibited 4-HPR-induced apoptosis in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Co llectively, these results suggest that the JNK pathway mediates 4-HPR-induc ed apoptotic signaling.