Comparative mapping, which compares the location of homologous genes in dif
ferent species, is a powerful tool for studying genome evolution(1). Compar
ative maps suggest that rates of chromosomal change in mammals can vary fro
m one to ten rearrangements per million years(1-4). On the basis of these r
ates we would expect 84 to 600 conserved segments in a chicken comparison w
ith human or mouse. Here we build comparative maps between these species an
d estimate that numbers of conserved segments are in the lower part of this
range. We conclude that the organization of the human genome is closer to
that of the chicken than the mouse and by adding comparative mapping result
s from a range of vertebrates, we identify three possible phases of chromos
ome evolution. The relative stability of genomes such as those of the chick
en and human will enable the reconstruction of maps of ancestral vertebrate
s.