Z. Younes et Da. Johnson, The spectrum of spontaneous and iatrogenic esophageal injury - Perforations, Mallory-Weiss tears, and hematomas, J CLIN GAST, 29(4), 1999, pp. 306-317
Esophageal perforations, Mallory-Weiss tears, and esophageal hematoma invol
ve traumatic injury to the esophagus. These can be iatrogenic, in particula
r due to esophageal instrumentation, bur can also occur spontaneously. The
remarkable increase in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy as well as esop
hageal surgery has made instrumentation the most common cause of esophageal
perforation. In many instances, spontaneous perforations are associated wi
th retching and vomiting, which causes a sudden increase in intraesophageal
pressure. A high index of suspicion leading to rapid diagnosis and appropr
iate therapy are needed to optimize clinical outcomes. This article focuses
on esophageal perforations, Mallory-Weiss tears, and esophageal hematomas,
with emphasis on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis,
management, and prevention.