Phosphate binders on iron basis: A new perspective?

Uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis are in positive phosphate balan ce. This is mainly the result of the complex elimination kinetics of phosph ate during dialysis. Removal of phosphate is less than net dietary intake. Classical phosphate binders such as calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, and aluminum-based compounds are limited by side effects (hypercalcemia) and o utright toxicity (aluminium). There have been numerous recent attempts to d evelop alternative phosphate binders, e.g., polyallylamine-hydrochloride (R enagel), lanthanum carbonate, and trivalent iron-containing compounds. The latter is based on old observations that iron salts may cause hyperphosphat emia and rickets in experimental animals and in patients. This idea has rec ently been taken up again, and effective inhibition of net intestinal phosp hate uptake in non-uremic and uremic rats has been shown using simple iron salts (citrate, chloride, ammonium citrate) and complex compounds (cross-li nked dextran and stabilized polynuclear iron hydroxide). In uremic rats, th e latter compound reduces urinary phosphate excretion as an indicator of re duced intestinal phosphate uptake and has also been shown to be effective i n subjects with preterminal renal failure. So far, no side effects or short -term toxicity has been observed. The compound appears promising and deserv es further evaluation.