Affect and achievement goals in physical activity: a meta-analysis

Achievement goal orientation theory has been the subject of extensive resea rch in recent years. In view of the importance of identifying the motivatio nal antecedents of affect in physical activity, this study examined through meta-analysis the conflicting evidence regarding the links between differe nt achievement goals and emotions. Using the formulas of Hunter and Schmidt (1), correlations were gathered from 41 independent samples and were corre cted for both sampling and measurement errors. The results showed that task orientation and positive affect were moderately-to-highly correlated and i n a positive fashion, whereas the relationship between task orientation and negative affect was negative and moderate to small. Both correlations were found to be heterogeneous, and so moderators were sought. The relationship s between ego orientation and positive and negative affect were positive bu t very small, with the former being heterogeneous. Moderators coded were th e time frame of affect (independent of context vs. after an athletic event) , the physical activity setting (school physical education vs. recreation v s, competitive sport), age (university vs. school students), nationality (B ritish vs. American), nature of negative affect (high vs. low arousal), and the publication status of the studies (published vs. unpublished). Lastly, a subset of the corrected correlations were inserted into a structural equ ation modelling analysis in order to look concurrently at the relationships among all the variables.