D. Craw et Da. Chappell, Evolution and sulphide mineral occurrences of an incipient nonmarine sedimentary basin, New Zealand, SEDIMENT GE, 129(1-2), 1999, pp. 37-50
River sediments at Macraes Flat, east Otago have formed in a tectonically a
ctive depression in the Otago Schist basement adjacent to an active northea
st striking fault. The depression is the mast juvenile of a series of nonma
rine basins currently forming during tectonic convergence. The sediments we
re derived from rapid erosion of the rising fault scarp, with long-term ave
rage sedimentation rates between 0.15 and 0.18 mm/year. The Hyde-Macraes Sh
ear Zone crosses the depression, and this sheer zone hosts the Macraes gold
mine. The shear zone contains sulphide minerals, mainly pyrite and arsenop
yrite. Sulphide minerals were eroded and deposited in the Macraes Rat river
sediments at least 28,000 years ago. The sulphide: minerals have not suffe
red any detectable decomposition in the sediments, even though some oxygena
ted water incursion has occurred. This sulphide longevity is due to general
water saturation in the basin floor despite possible occasional drying. So
me sands have remained unaffected by oxygenated waters, and authigenic pyri
te deposition has occurred. The pore waters in recently-exposed outcrops of
organic sands with authigenic pyrite are too oxidised to be in equilibrium
with pyrite. The Macraes Flat example demonstrates that sulphide minerals
can remain stable for tens of thousands of years, and authigenic sulphides
can form locally, within only 5 metres of the surface in an oxygenated atmo
sphere and only sporadic water saturation in a tectonically active nonmarin
e environment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.