Fs. Seibert et al., Influence of phosphorylation by protein kinase A on CFTR at the cell surface and endoplasmic reticulum, BBA-BIOMEMB, 1461(2), 1999, pp. 275-283
CFTR possesses a large cluster of strict dibasic consensus sites for phosph
orylation by protein kinase A (PKA) in the R-domain and an obligatory depen
dence on phosphorylation is a hallmark of CFTR Cl- channel function. Remova
l of as many as 11 of these sites reduces the conformational change in the
R-domain and the degree of channel activation in response to PKA. However,
until recently a completely PKA-unresponsive CFTR variant has not been repo
rted, leaving open the possibility that the residual response may be mediat
ed by associating ancillary phosphoproteins. We traced the residual PKA-cat
alyzed P-32-labelling of the variant with 11 sites mutagenized (11SA) to di
stinct CNBr phosphopeptides within the R-domain. Mutagenesis of 4 additiona
l monobasic sites in these segments produced a 15SA variant in which Cl- ch
annel response to PKA was abolished. Therefore, it can be concluded that an
cillary phosphoproteins do not contribute to CFTR activation by PKA. Notabl
y, however, the 15SA protein did exhibit a low level of constitutive channe
l activity not dependent on PKA, which might have reflected a down-regulati
ng effect of phosphorylation of one or two of the 15 sites as suggested by
others. However, this did not prove to be the case.
Since immature CFTR has been claimed to be active in the endoplasmic reticu
lum (ER), we also examined whether it can be phosphorylated in cells and wh
at influence if any this might have on its susceptibility to degradation. T
eleologically, activation by phosphorylation of CFTR Cl- channels in the ER
might be undesirable to the cell. Using various phosphorylation site mutan
ts and kinase and phosphatase inhibitors in pulse-chase experiments, we hav
e found that although nascent CFTR can be phosphorylated at the ER, this is
without effect on its ability to mature and avoid proteolysis. Furthermore
, we found that microsomes from cells expressing CFTR processing mutants su
ch as Delta F508 do not generate Cl- active channels when fused with planar
bilayers unless maturation is promoted, e.g. by growth of cells at reduced
temperature or other means. We conclude that the ER-retained mutant nascen
t chains which are incapable of maturation may be phosphorylated but do not
form active channels. Stimulation by PKA of the insertion of CFTR containi
ng vesicles into the plasma membrane as part of the mechanism of stimulatio
n of chloride secretion has been reported, as has an influence of CFTR on t
he balance between endocytosis and exocytosis but these findings have not b
een universally confirmed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserv
ed.