Forced normalization: Clinical and therapeutic relevance

The phenomenon of forced normalization and its clinical counterpart , alter native psychoses, is discussed. The historical origins an briefly noted bef ore the clinical presentation, and some associated clinical findings are gi ven. The main part of the article is devoted to the literature on chemical and electrical kindling, in an attempt to provide some heuristic model to u nderstand the antithetical relationship between seizures and behavior disor ders. We conclude that the use of the kindling model may provide further in sights into these phenomena, particularly taking into account such key neur otransmitters as glutamate, dopamine, and GABA.