Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth
through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural
productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economi
c policy choices. Many geographic regions that have not been conductive to
modern economic growth have high population densities and are experiencing
rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage are regions locat
ed far from ceases and ocean-navigable rivers, for which the transport cost
s of international trade are high, and tropical regions, which bear a heavy
burden of disease. Moreover; a large portion of population growth over the
next thirty years is expected to occur in these geographically disadvantag
ed regions.