Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest versi on of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ: Form 5X), each describ ing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models represe nting different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit f or the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine sample s, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by s ix lower order factors and three correlated higher-order factors.