Objective: To determine whether there are menstrual cycle-related effects o
n cortical excitability in normal women. Background: Ovarian steroid hormon
es affect neurotransmission in the brain. Data from animal experiments have
shown that progesterone metabolites enhance the action of gamma-aminobutyr
ic acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cortex, produci
ng benzodiazepine-like (e.g., diazepam and lorazepam) physiologic and behav
ioral effects. Estradiol has excitatory effects on measures of neuronal exc
itability, possibly acting through the glutamate system. These effects have
been difficult to detect in women using conventional techniques. However,
recently, paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to d
etect the effects of GABAergic and glutamatergic drugs in humans. We used t
his method to measure the effects of the menstrual cycle in normal women. M
ethods: We tested 13 healthy women during the follicular (low-progesterone)
and luteal (high-progesterone) phases of the menstrual cycle using paired
TMS. The effect of a subthreshold conditioning pulse on the cortex was test
ed by measuring the response to a second suprathreshold test pulse and comp
aring it with the response elicited by the test pulse administered alone. R
esults: Conditioning TMS produced more inhibition in the luteal phase than
in the follicular phase (p = 0.01), of similar magnitude to the reported ef
fect of benzodiazepine drugs. Conclusions: This study provides the first di
rect evidence of changes in the excitability of a cortical network with the
menstrual cycle. The results also show a potential confound for studies us
ing transcranial magnetic stimulation in populations that include menstruat
ing women.