Diagnosis and management of trauma and iatrogenic induced arteriovenous fistulas in the neck

Trauma-induced arteriovenous (av) communications in the cervical region inv olving the external carotid artery and the jugular vein are exceptionally r are. Moreover, an iatrogenic av fistula between the vertebral artery and th e vein after insertion of a venous catheter into the internal jugular vein is described. The discussion includes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of such rare av fistulas.