Spread of antibiotic resistance with food-borne pathogens

This short review summarizes data on antibiotic resistance profiles of comm on food-borne pathogens like Salmonella sp., Eschevichia coli, Campylobacte r sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aure us, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. As a flashlight on the literature of the last few years, it provides ample evidence that antibiotic resistan ce traits have entered the microflora of farm animals and the food produced from them. Molecular analysis of the resistance genes, where available, sh ows that the food microflora is not separated from its human counterpart an d conjugative transfer of resistance genes has been demonstrated in vitro a nd in a few cases in vivo. For example, for Salmonella typhimurium, resista nce towards tetracyclines has increased from zero in 1948 to a 98% level in certain epidemic populations of S. typhimurium DT104 in 1998. The high inc idence of food-borne pathogens in raw meat and milk together with a high le vel of therapeutic, prophylactic and nutritional application of antibiotics in agriculture reveals an antibiotic resistance problem of global dimensio ns. The resistance problem in human medicine will not be solved if there is a constant influx of resistance genes into the human microflora via the fo od chain.