Lower limb muscle dysfunction may contribute to foot ulceration in diabetic patients

Objectives. To investigate the relationship between in-shoe plantar foot pr essure and the co-ordinated activity of five lower limb muscles of diabetic patients, who are known to have a higher risk of foot morbidity. Design. A portable six channel electromyographic system has been designed, developed and synchronised in real time with a 16 channel piezoelectric tra nsducer in-shoe pressure measuring device, Gaitscan. Background. So far, no one has tried to establish a relationship between in -shoe foot pressure distribution and muscle activity of the lower limb in d iabetes. The measurement of phasic muscle activity has been related to foot pressure and compared to a control group of normal volunteers. Methods. Twenty nine diabetic subjects and 22 healthy non-diabetic voluntee rs have been studied by recording electromyography of lower leg muscles and in-shoe foot pressure measurements simultaneously. Results. in diabetic subjects, the period of contact pressure was greater t han in normal control subjects (P < 0.003). The initial forefoot time to co ntact with the ground was shorter in diabetics when compared to controls, i ndicating a faster forefoot contact. Of the dorsiflexor muscles, the Anteri or Tibialis, normally contracting eccentrically at heel strike, was subject to a measurable delay in the initiation of contraction, of mean difference of 180 ms (P < 0.001), in diabetic subjects when compared to the normal co ntrols. Conclusions. The late firing of Tibialis Anterior means that its normal mod ulating role in lowering the foot to the sound after heel strike through ec centric contraction is disturbed. The result is that the foot reaches the f oot flat stage in a less ordered manner, subjecting it to high plantar pres sures.