Developing concepts of sampling

A key element in developing ideas associated with statistical inference inv olves developing concepts of sampling. The objective of this research was t o understand the characteristics of students' constructions of the concept of sample. Sixty-two students in Grades 3, 6, and 9 were interviewed using open-ended questions related to sampling; written responses to a questionna ire were also analyzed. Responses were characterized in relation to the con tent, structure, and objectives elf statistical literacy. Six categories of construction were identified and described in relation to the sophisticati on of developing concepts of sampling. These categories illustrate helpful and unhelpful foundations for an appropriate understanding of representativ eness and hence will help curriculum developers and teachers plan intervent ions.