Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase: Markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade

Purpose: Specific patterns of progression and frequent recurrence of bladde r tumors determine the choice of treatment, frequency of surveillance, qual ity of life, and ultimately, patient prognosis. The prognosis would be impr oved if an accurate noninvasive test was available for diagnosis. Identific ation of markers that function in bladder cancer progression would be helpf ul in designing such diagnostic tests. The glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic ac id (HA), promotes tumor metastasis. Hyaluronidase (HAase), an endoglycosida se, degrades HA into small fragments that promote angiogenesis. We have pre viously shown that both HA and HAase are associated with bladder cancer and may function in bladder tumor angiogenesis. In this study we examined whet her urinary HA and HAase levels serve as bladder cancer markers. Materials and Methods: Among the 513 urine specimens analyzed, 261 were fro m transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients, 9 from patients with non-TCC tumors, and 243 from controls (normals, patients with other genitourinary ( GU) conditions or a history of bladder cancer (HxBCa)). The urinary HA and HAase levels were measured by two ELISA-like assays that utilize a biotinyl ated HA binding protein for detection. These levels were normalized to tota l urinary protein and were expressed as ng./mg. (HA test) and mU/mg. (HAase test), respectively. Results: The urinary HA levels were elevated (2.5 to 6.5 fold) in bladder c ancer patients (1173.7 +/- 173.4; n = 261) as compared with normals (246.1 +/- 38.5; n = 41); GU patients (306.6 +/- 32.2; n = 133), and patients with a HxBCa (351.1 +/- 49.1; n = 69) (p <0.001). The urinary HAase levels were elevated (3 to 7 fold) in G2/G3 bladder cancer patients (26.2 +/- 3.2) as compared with normals (4.5 +/- 0.9) and patients with either GU conditions (5.8 +/- 1.3), HxBCa (8.2 +/- 2.6) or G1 tumors (9.7 +/- 2.5) (p <0.001). T he HA test showed 83.1% sensitivity, 90.1% specificity and 86.5% accuracy i n detecting bladder cancer, regardless of the tumor grade. The HAase test s howed 81.5% sensitivity, 83.8% specificity and 82.9% accuracy to detect G2/ G3 patients. Combining the inferences of the HA and HAase tests (HA-HAase t est) resulted in detection of bladder cancer, regardless of tumor grade and stage, with higher sensitivity (91.2%) and accuracy (88.3%), and comparabl e specificity (84.4%). Conclusion: Our results show that the HA-HAase urine test is a noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and eval uating its grade.