Glacial boulders 'floating' on the ice cover of Lake Untersee, East Antarctica

Large glacial boulders, up to several metres in diameter, resting on the la ke ice are a remarkable feature of Lake Untersee (71 degrees 21'S, 13 degre es 28'E), an ice-dammed, perennially frozen freshwater lake in the Ottovon- Gruber-Gebirge (Gruber Mountains) of central Queen Maud Land, East Antarcti ca. A geodetic survey of such ice-rafted boulders was made over two summer seasons to determine the direction and velocity of their movement. They are transported between 3.9 and 11.1 m annually and the residence time of the boulders is estimated at approximately 500 years. Lake Untersee must have b een permanently covered with lake ice for at least that long.