Risk factors for repeated cerebrospinal shunt failures in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus

Object. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt failures in pediatric pati ents are common, and they are a significant cause of morbidity and, occasio nally, of death. To date, the risk factors for repeated failure have not be en established. By performing survival analysis for repeated events, the au thors examined the effects of patient characteristics, shunt hardware, and surgical details in a large cohort of patients. Methods. During a 10-year period all pediatric patients with hydrocephalus requiring CSF diversion procedures were included in a prospective single-in stitution observational study. Patient characteristics were defined as age, gender, weight, head circumference, American Society of Anesthesiology cla ss, and cause of hydrocephalus. Surgical derails included whether the proce dure was performed on an emergency or nonemergency basis, use of antibiotic agents, concurrent surgical procedures, and duration of the surgical proce dure. Details on shunt hardware included: the type of shunt, the valve syst em, whether the shunt system included multiple or complex components, the t ype of distal catheter, the site of the shunt, and the side on which the sh unt was placed. Repeated shunt failures were assessed using multivariable time-to-event ana lysis (by using the Cox regression model). Conditional models (as establish ed by Prentice, et al.) were formulated for gap times (that is, times betwe en successive shunt failures). There were 1183 shunt failures in 839 patients. Failure time from the first shunt procedure was an important predictor for the second and third episod es of failure, thus establishing an association between the times to failur e within individual patients. An age younger than 40 weeks gestation at the time of the first shunt implantation carried a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.49 ( 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-3.68) for the first failure, which remain ed high for subsequent episodes of failure. An age from 40 weeks gestation to 1 year (at the time of the initial surgery) also proved to be an importa nt predictor of first shunt malfunctions (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.29-2.44). The c ause of hydrocephalus was significantly associated with the risk of initial failure and, to a lesser extent, later failures. Concurrent other surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of failure. Conclusions. The patient's age at the time of initial shunt placement and t he time interval since previous surgical revision are important predictors of repeated shunt failures in the multivariable model. Even after adjusting for age at first shunt insertion as well as the cause of hydrocephalus, th ere is significant association between repeated failure times for individua l patients.