D. Spisak et J. Hafner, THEORY OF BILINEAR AND BIQUADRATIC EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN IRON - BULK AND SURFACE, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 168(3), 1997, pp. 257-268
We present a torque-force approach to the calculation of bilinear and
biquadratic exchange interactions in itinerant magnets. Detailed calcu
lations within a real-space tight-binding framework are presented for
iron and the (0 0 1)-surface of iron.