Nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in porous media: Current state of knowledge and research needs

Our understanding of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution in the subs urface environment has been increasing rapidly over the past decade. This k nowledge has provided the basis for recent developments in the area of NAPL recovery, including cosolvent and surfactant flushing. Despite these advan ces toward feasible remediation technologies, there remain a number of unre solved issues to motivate environmental researchers in this area. For examp le, the lack of an effective NAPL-location methodology precludes effective deployment of NAPL recovery technologies. The objectives of this paper are to critically review the state of knowledge in the area of stationary NAPL dissolution in porous media and to identify specific research needs. The re view first compares NAPL dissolution-based mass transfer correlations repor ted for environmental systems with more fundamental results from the litera ture involving model systems. This comparison suggests that our current und erstanding of NAPL dissolution in small-scale (on the order of cm) systems is reasonably consistent with fundamental mass transfer theory. The discuss ion then expands to encompass several issues currently under investigation in NAPL dissolution research, including: characterizing NAPL morphology (i. e. effective size and surface area); multicomponent mixtures; scale-related issues (dispersion, flow by-passing); locating NAPL in the subsurface and enhanced NAPL recovery. Research needs and potential approaches are discuss ed throughout the paper. This review supports the following conclusions: (1 ) Our knowledge related to local dissolution and remediation issues is matu ring, but should be brought to closure with respect to the link between NAP L emplacement theory (as it impacts NAPL morphology) and NAPL dissolution; (2) The role of nonideal NAPL mixtures, and intra-NAPL mass transfer proces ses must be clarified; (3) Valid models for quantifying and designing NAPL recovery schemes with chemical additives need to be refined with respect to chemical equilibria, mass transfer and chemical delivery issues; (4) Compu tational and large-scale experimental studies should begin to address param eter up-scaling issues in support of model application at the field scale; and (5) Inverse modeling efforts aimed at exploiting the previous developme nts should be expanded to support field-scale characterization of NAPL loca tion and strength as a dissolving source.