Documenting the epidemiologic patterns of polyomaviruses in human populations by studying their presence in urban sewage

This is the first description, to our knowledge, of the distribution of hum an polyomavirus and simian virus 40 (SV40) in urban sewage, Using a nested- PCR procedure, we report the detection of human polyomaviruses JC virus (JC V) and BR virus (BKV) but not SV40 in a high percentage of urban sewage sam ples obtained from widely divergent geographical areas in Europe and Africa . For a total of 28 samples analyzed, JCV was detected in 26, BKV was detec ted in 22, and none was positive for SV40. All geographical areas showed a high prevalence of these viruses with mean estimated values of JC viral par ticles per mi on the order of 10(3) in Barcelona (Spain) and Nancy (France) and 10(2) in Pretoria (South Africa) and Umea (Sweden) and mean values of BK viral particles on the order of 10(2) in Pretoria and Barcelona and 10(1 ) in Nancy and Umea. This compares with estimated mean values of 10(2) to 1 0(3) for human adenovirus that was evaluated as a control. Nucleotide seque nce analysis of the amplified DNA from some of the samples is also presente d and represents the sequence of the most abundant JC and BK viral strains in these samples. The nucleotide sequence of the JCV detected was also anal yzed in a phylogenetic study and for genomic characterization in the regula tory region. This study has shown that human polyomaviruses are spread in h igh concentrations in the sewage of different geographical areas and are pr esent in contaminated environments. The frequency and concentration of JCV detected in the environment and the absence of described animal hosts sugge st that JCV may be useful as a marker for fecal pollution of anthropogenic origin. The results also support the idea previously described that the str ains of JCV are closely related to the ethnic origin of the population stud ied. The procedure applied should also be useful in future studies of popul ation patterns of viral excretion and as a tool in epidemiological studies for the detection of changes in the prevalence of specific viral pathogens.