An experimental study for a combined system of tar sand, oil shale, and olive cake as a potential energy source in Jordan

Jordan is an example of a third world country that is non-oil producing but contains huge reserves of other energy sources such as tar sand, oil shale , and olive cake. Some limited research is available about how to utilize t hese energy sources in pure form. However, available research does not deal with combinations of these energy sources. This experimental study investi gates combinations of these energy forms as potential energy sources in Jor dan. The experimental procedure involves characterization of samples by pro ximate analysis, calorific value determination of different combinations, a nd a compacting process of the different particles. The best combination, w ith respect to calorific value, is found to be 20% tar sand, 20% olive cake , and 60% oil shale. Compacting materials either with starch or with heated tar sand up to 110 degrees C for 1 h indicates a feasible process for hand ling, packaging, and transporting. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All right s reserved.