Cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology - Contributions, past developments, and future directions

This article aims at critically evaluating the; theory and scope of cross-c ultural industrial and organizational (I/O) research, emphasizing its past and its future. In the theory section, the author discusses the ways socioc ultural context influences organizational phenomena. Also discussed are iss ues such as the level of theory, assumption of linearity, unilateral effect of culture on organizations, conceptualization of culture, and atheoretica l nature of research. In the second section, three areas of research, which are underrepresented in cross-cultural I/O literature, are discussed: staf fing, performance management, and employee health and safety. It is argued that compared to traditional research topics of cross-cultural I/O psycholo gy (e.g., leadership, motivation, work values, etc.), these topics are more central to the field, more related to improvement of human potential and c onditions at work, and better able to guide practices in various cultural c ontexts.