This paper examines four issues central to the relationships between enviro
nmental resources, population and sustainability in Zimbabwe. First, the co
nceptualisation of population-resource interrelationships and sustainabilit
y. Second, the legal basis of land use practices and origins of land use co
nflict within and between Zimbabwe's main population groups. Third, the dem
ographic threats to sustainable resource development and the impact of the
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) on rural and urban communities. Fou
rth, the dynamics of population change and environmental resource use const
raints including resettlement and land redistribution or reform programmes.
It is concluded that the relationships between environmental degradation a
nd population pressure are complex. Sustainable environmental resource use
to supply basic Livelihoods can be achieved if appropriate technical expert
ise or backup is provided to the population. Developing and implementing su
stainable resource development strategies in Zimbabwe requires attention to
socio-economic and political challenges.