F. Osman et al., A cis-acting element in the 3 '-untranslated region of human TNF-alpha mRNA renders splicing dependent on the activation of protein kinase PKR, GENE DEV, 13(24), 1999, pp. 3280-3293
We report a role for the 3'-untranslated region in control of mRNA splicing
and show that human TNF-alpha 3' UTR harbors a cis-acting element that ren
ders splicing of precursor transcripts dependent on activation of PKR, the
RNA-activated protein kinase that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation fact
or 2 (eIF2). When this element, designated 2-APRE, is present, splicing bec
omes sensitive to inhibition by the PKR inhibitor e-aminopurine, or by coex
pression of transdominant-negative mutant PKR. Our results reveal that acti
vation of PKR is required for splicing of mRNA when precursor transcripts c
ontain the 2-APRE and that increased expression of wild-type PKR enhances t
heir splicing efficiency. Thus, PKR responds as trans-acting factor to the
2-APRE. 2-APRE RNA forms a stable, 17-bp stem-loop structure and strongly a
ctivates PKR ill vitro, inducing eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. Despite its ab
ility to activate PKR during splicing, the 2-APRE within the 3' UTR does no
t affect translation efficiency of the resulting TNF-alpha mRNA in transfec
ted cells. PKR and the 3' UTR thus interact during mRNA splicing to confer
a novel type of regulation on expression of the TNF-alpha gene.