Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease. Analyses of the UK General Practice Research Database and the UK MediPlus Database

The results of three independent studies of venous thromboembolic disease ( VTE) and oral contraceptives are reviewed together with two further cohort/ case-control studies which we Conducted using the MediPlus and General Prac tice Research Database (GPRD) databases. These latter studies jointly invol ved 395 cases and uniquely examined the association between VTE and individ ual combined oral contraceptive (COC) formulations. The two studies yielded very similar results. Crude incidence rates for idiopathic VTE of 4.6 and 3.8 were found per 10 000 exposed woman-years (EWY), in the MediPlus and GP RD studies respectively Incidence rates increased markedly with age, and in both databases the rates amongst users of levonorgestrel products were low er than those amongst users of desogestrel and gestodene products, ii case fatality rate of 3% and a mortality rate of 10 per million EWY were estimat ed. Odds ratios (OR) mere calculated for confounding variables and differen t COC formulations. Both database studies indicated an excess of current sm okers and women with high body mass indites amongst cases. There mere signi ficantly more cases with asthma in the GPRD study and cases who had been us ing their COC for less than a year. No statistically significant difference s between COC formulations were found in the analyses where controls were m atched to cases by practice and year of birth in both the MediPlus and GPRD studies. In the GPRD study we also ran a study where controls were matched by practice and within 5 year age bands. In this study the OR were consist ently higher for the newer or 'third generation' products than when control s were matched by year of birth. However only the acne formulation/OC conta ining cyproterone acetate and 35 mu g ethinyloestradiol yielded a significa nt OR of 2.3. It may be concluded that improvements in prescribing are para mount as the results strongly indicate that overweight women and those who smoke are at a greater risk of VTE, Further study is required to elucidate the possibility that asthma or its treatment may predispose to VTE, alone o r in combination with other risk factors. However, neither the MediPlus nor GPRD studies indicate that any one COC formulation poses a greater risk of VTE than another.