Animal movement, mechanical tuning and coupled systems

Over the past two decades, there has been a growing interest in developing predictive models of animal movement and force generation in fluids, In a d eparture from past studies that have asked how prescribed motions of a prop ulsor (wing or fin) generate lift and thrust during swimming and flying, we are increasingly interested in predicting the propulsor's movement as well as the forces generated by it. This interest, motivated by a need to under stand the control and dynamics of locomotion and its applications to roboti cs and animal physiology, requires that we develop integrative models and a nalyses of swimming and flying that incorporate neural control and muscle p hysiology into more traditional biomechanical studies of locomotion in flui ds. This approach extends from whole-animal studies to the molecular basis of force generation. In this paper, we explore mechanical tuning from the l evel of the whole animal to the proteins driving force generation in muscle .