Context-dependent recognition memory: The ICE theory

A solution to the problem of context-dependent recognition memory is presen ted in terms of the item, associated context, and ensemble (ICE) theory. It is argued that different types of context effects depend on how context in formation is encoded at both learning and retrieval. Matching associated co ntext in memory and a retrieval cue produces increases in both hit and fals e alarm rates and may not be accompanied by a change in discrimination. Int egrating item and context information in an ensemble and matching ensemble information in memory and a retrieval cue produces context-dependent discri mination. Empirical support for these predictions is presented.