Falling by the wayside: a phenomenological exploration of perceived breast-milk inadequacy in lactating women

Objective: to provide insight into the lived experience of breast feeding, in primiparous women. The main focus was upon women's perceptions related t o the adequacy of their breast milk, for the purpose of exclusively nourish ing their babies. Design: a longitudinal, phenomenological study involving in-depth, interact ive interviews, conducted at 6, 12 and 18 weeks following the birth of the women's babies. Participants and setting: a convenience sample of ten primiparous women wer e recruited prior to discharge from a maternity unit, in the north of Engla nd, in 1998. Findings: two groups of participants emerged, three who became increasingly confident and empowered by breast feeding and the remaining seven whose co nfidence progressively diminished, with six of them expressing concern that their breast milk was inadequate. Four major themes related to the partici pants' perceptions emerged from the analysis: the quest to quantify and vis ualise breast milk; anxiety regarding the adequacy of their diet; breast fe eding as a challenging journey, with most feeling that they had 'fallen by the wayside' (this related partly to inadequate and conflicting advice give n by health professionals); and finally, unmet needs for support, nurturing and replenishment in return for 'giving out'. Conclusion: perceived breast-milk inadequacy is underpinned by a complex an d synergistic interaction between socio-cultural influences, feeding manage ment, the baby's behaviour, lactation physiology and the woman's psychologi cal state. Implications: education of midwives and health visitors is required in rela tion to the needs of breast-feeding mothers within a Western industrialised society. Strong social policy is vital in the UK, to initiate socio-cultur al changes, which would enable women who commence breast feeding to perceiv e it as an empowering and fulfilling experience and not one of 'falling by the wayside'. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.