Changes in cell structure during the formation of root aerenchyma in Sagittaria lancifolia (Alismataceae)

In many wetland species, root aerenchyma is produced by the predictable col lapse of root cortexcells, indicating a programmed cell death (PCD). The ob jective of this study was to characterize the cellular changes that accompa ny this PCD in the marsh species Sagittaria lancifolia. Structural changes in membranes and organelles wen examined during development of root cortex cells to compare with previous examples of PCD. The organization of cortica l microtubule (CMT) arrays in root cells from S. lancifolia was also evalua ted as a possible predictor of cell lysis. Nuclear fragmentation and conden sation were the earliest changes observed in cells undergoing Iysis. Breakd own of the tonoplast and other organelles and disruption of the plasma memb rane followed. After loss of cytoplasm, cells collapsed lo form gas spaces. These results were compared to collapse of root cortical cells of Zea mays and Oryza sativa during aerenchyma development. Changes in the appearance of the cytoplasm of all three species were similar at later stages of aeren chyma development. The relative timing of disintegration of the tonoplast a nd middle lamella appeared to differ among the three species. Changes in th e organization of CMT arrays did not appear to be a predictor of PCD in S. lancifolia. Aerenchyma production in plants involves a type of PCD that is morphologically distinct from PCD described from many animals.