Explicitness and predication: A risky linkage

Dienes & Perner (D&P) link explicit knowledge of facts to predication. But predication is basically a linguistic notion. Their approach therefore make s it difficult to attribute knowledge of facts to non-language-users, such as animals. The explicit/implicit distinction, as D&P Formulate it, is acco rdingly of little use for exploring the cognitive capacities of nonhuman pr imates - despite the increasing evidence for sophisticated social awareness among apes, implying mental representations of events in which participant s are clearly distinguished. A revised formulation, less biased toward synt ax as it happens to have evolved in humans, could avoid this drawback.