A two hundred years record of atmospheric Cadmium, Copper and Zinc concentrations in high altitude snow and ice from the French-Italian Alps

Cd, Cu and Zn have been measured using ultraclean procedures in snow and ic e deposited at a high altitude location in the French /Italian Alps during the past two centuries. These data provide the first time series of changes in the occurrence of heavy metals in ice and snow from temperate regions s ince the Industrial Revolution. Concentrations are constant until the end o f the nineteenth century. Then they increase by 10, 15 and 30 fold for Cu, Cd and Zn, respectively till the 1970s. During the following two decades Cd and Zn concentrations then decrease whilst Cu continues to increase. These temporal changes are compared with changes in emissions in Western Europe.