Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean

The overturning circulation of the ocean plays an important role in modulat ing the Earth's climate. But whereas the mechanisms for the vertical transp ort of water into the deep ocean-deep water formation at high latitudes-and horizontal transport in ocean currents have been largely identified, it is not dear how the compensating vertical transport of water from the depths to the surface is accomplished. Turbulent mixing across surfaces of constan t density is the only viable mechanism for reducing the density of the wate r and enabling it to rise. However, measurements of the internal wave field , the main source of energy for mixing, and of turbulent dissipation rates, have typically implied diffusivities across surfaces of equal density of o nly similar to 0.1 cm(2) s(-1) too small to account for the return flow. He re we report measurements of tracer dispersion and turbulent energy dissipa tion in the Brazil basin that reveal diffusivities of 2-4 cm(2) s(-1) at a depth of 500 m above abyssal hills on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and approximately 10 cm(2) s(-1) nearer the bottom. This amount of mixing, probably driven by breaking internal waves that are generated by tidal curr ents flowing over the rough bathymetry, may be large enough to dose the buo yancy budget for the Brazil basin and suggests a mechanism for closing the global overturning circulation.