Jd. Hare et Djw. Morgan, Chemical conspicuousness of an herbivore to its natural enemy: Effect of feeding site selection, ECOLOGY, 81(2), 2000, pp. 509-519
A physical refuge from the parasitoid Aphytis melinus is provided to the Ca
lifornia red scale Aonidiella aurantii by the interior bark substrates of c
itrus trees, even though scales have lower fitness on bark in the absence o
f A. melinus. How bark-reared scales escape parasitism was unclear because
A. melinus searches the interior of trees as effectively as the exterior. H
ost identification in A. melinus is mediated by a kairomone, O-caffeoyltyro
sine, in scale covers. O-caffeoyltyrosine concentration varies with scale a
ge and rearing conditions. We hypothesized that the reduced acceptance of b
ark-reared scale may be due, in part, to reduced quantities of O-caffeoylty
rosine in their covers. We reared scales on bark, leaves, and fruit of lemo
n and orange trees in the field at monthly intervals and then collected the
scales and measured them. We bioassayed covers for their acceptability to
A. melinus in the laboratory and then determined their O-caffeoyltyrosine c
ontent. Even after adjusting for the differences in scale body size, O-caff
eoyltyrosine content in bark-reared scale covers was 45-85% less than that
in covers of leaf- or fruit-reared scales, depending upon cultivar and rear
ing date. Covers of bark-reared scales were selected for probing only 40-45
% of the time when compared to leaf-reared scales. Covers with the highest
levels of O-caffeoyltyrosine were most likely to be selected for probing. W
e conclude that part of the mechanism by which California red scales on bar
k avoids discovery is through reduced O-caffeoyltyrosine content in their c
overs. This reduction is probably a consequence of the reduced nutritional
quality of bark as a substrate for scale survival and growth.