Factors affecting resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing damage

The variation in cement type affects the performance of concrete in terms o f durability and strength. Concretes made with different cement types are k nown to behave differently under similar conditions such as environmental c onditions, mixture proportions, etc. In 1940, the Portland Cement Associati on initiated a long-time durability study to investigate the effects of the variation in cement type on different durability aspects. The United State s Bureau of Reclamation agreed to place 28 different cement types on the pa rapet wall panels of the Green Mountain Dam. Each of the 28 cement types wa s used in 3 or 4 of the 104 panels of the parapet wall. The Green Mountain Dam is located on the Blue River, a tributary of the Colorado River, 13 mi southeast of Kremling, Cole. The dam itself is an earthfill structure. This particular paper investigates the influence of cement type, air-entrainmen t, and method of air-entrainment on the freezing and thawing resistance of concrete.