Stroke in children - The coexistence of multiple risk factors predicts poor outcome

Objective: To characterize the risk factors for stroke in children and thei r relationship to outcomes. Methods: We reviewed charts of children with is chemic and hemorrhagic stroke seen at Hopital Sainte-Justine, Montreal betw een 1991 and 1997. Results: We found 51 ischemic strokes: 46 arterial and 5 sinovenous thromboses. Risk factors were variable and multiple in 12 (24%) of the 51 ischemic strokes. Ischemic stroke recurred in 3 (8%) patients wi th a single or no identified risk factor and in 5 (42%) of 12 patients with multiple risk factors (p = 0.01). We also found 21 hemorrhagic strokes, 14 (67%) of which were caused by vascular abnormalities. No patient with hemo rrhagic stroke had multiple risk factors. Hemorrhagic stroke recurred in tw o patients (10%). Outcome in all 72 stroke patients was as follows: asympto matic, 36%; symptomatic epilepsy or persistent neurologic deficit, 45%; and death, 20%. Death occurred more frequently in patients with recurrent stro ke (40%) than in those with nonrecurrent stroke (16%). Conclusions: Multipl e risk factors are found in many ischemic strokes and may predict stroke re currence. Recurrent stroke tends to increase rate of mortality. Because of the high prevalence and importance of multiple risk factors, a complete inv estigation, including hematologic and metabolic studies and angiography, sh ould be considered in every child with ischemic stroke, even when a cause i s known.