Tl. Holdaway-clarke et al., Physiological elevations in cytoplasmic free calcium by cold or ion injection result in transient closure of higher plant plasmodesmata, PLANTA, 210(2), 2000, pp. 329-335
The concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+](cyt)) required to clo
se higher plant plasmodesmata was investigated using corn (Zea mays L. cv.
Black Mexican Sweet) suspension-culture cells. Physiological elevations of
[Ca2+](cyt) were applied by cold treatment, and ion injection was also used
to increase [Ca2+](cyt) by diffusion (for small increases) or by iontophor
esis (for larger increases). The impact of such treatments on [Ca2+](cyt) w
as measured by ratiometric ion imaging. Intercellular communication during
treatments was monitored using our recently developed electrophysiological
technique that allows the electrical resistance of plasmodesmata and the pl
asma membranes of a sister-cell pair to be measured. A 4-fold increase in t
he calculated resistance of single plasmodesmata was observed in response t
o cold treatment that caused a 2-fold increase in average [Ca2+](cyt) (from
107 to 210 nM). In response to iontophoresis of Ca2+, plasmodesmata were o
bserved to go from "open" (low resistance) to "shut" (high resistance) and
then back "open" within 10s. Our results thus indicate that higher plant pl
asmodesmata respond quickly to physiological changes in [Ca2+](cyt).