T. Tanaka et al., Inducible expression of manganese superoxide dismutase by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is mediated by Sp1 in endothelial cells, ART THROM V, 20(2), 2000, pp. 392-401
The expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), an important com
ponent of the cellular defense system against oxidative stress, is induced
in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines and phorbol esters
, in endothelial cells. To define the molecular mechanisms regulating the e
xpression of Mn-SOD, we have characterized the promoter of the human Mn-SOD
gene. In calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-
acetate (PMA) gradually increased Mn-SOD mRNA levels, with a peak at 6 to 1
2 hours after stimulation. The increase in Mn-SOD mRNA was significantly in
hibited by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (calphostin C) but not by a m
itogren-activated protein kinase kinase-1 inhibitor (PD98059) or a p38 mito
gen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (SB203580). By reporter gene transfe
ction experiments of a series of promoter deletions and site-directed mutat
ion constructs, we found 2 consensus Sp1 binding sequences located at -97 a
nd at -77 to play an important role in PMA-induced Mn-SOD transcription. El
ectrophoretic gel mobility shift assays have indicated that this sequence s
erves as an Sp1 binding site. Northern and Western blot analysis has reveal
ed that PMA-induced promoter activity of Mn-SOD correlates with an increase
d expression of Sp1. Nuclear proteins from PMA-treated calf pulmonary arter
y endothelial cells displayed an increased DNA binding to the Sp1 site. Fur
thermore, the Mn-SOD promoter was activated either by overexpression of Sp1
or the constitutively activated form of PKC beta in an Spl site-dependent
manner. These results suggest that PMA stimulates transcription of the Mn-S
OD gene through an increase in Sp1 expression and thus implicate Sp1 as an
effector mediating the PKC-signaling pathway elicited by extracellular sign
als.