The authors review the molecular genetics and pathophysiology of hereditary
recurrent focal neuropathies: hereditary neuropathy with liability to pres
sure palsies (HNPP) and hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA). Significant
progress in the understanding of HNPP and HNA has been achieved. HNPP and H
NA are distinct clinical and pathologic disease entities with autosomal dom
inant inheritance. Molecular genetic studies have shown that HNPP and HNA a
re located on chromosome 17 but at distinct genetic loci (17p11.2 for HNPP,
17q25 for HNA). The 1.5 megabase deletion in 17p11.2 is the major cause of
HNPP. This interstitial deletion causes the complete loss of one allele of
the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene. Interestingly, rare HNPP pa
tients are found without the 1.5 megabase deletion. However, these patients
have distinct mutations in the PMP22 gene resulting in altered expression
of the PMP22 protein. Current molecular genetic tests and clinical guidelin
es allow improved diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling for patients
with HNPP. Such tests are not available for HNA, because the disease-causi
ng gene remains unknown. Molecular genetic advances in HNPP and HNA, as wel
l as the study of transgenic animal and cellular models, will provide a mor
e precise understanding of the disease mechanisms and will lead to the deve
lopment of effective therapeutic tools for patients with inherited and spor
adic recurrent peripheral neuropathies.