Pharmacoeconomic considerations in the management of hypertension

Hypertension is highly prevalent in developed and developing countries (mor e than 30% of the adult population when a threshold value of 140/90mm Hg is selected). It constitutes one of the major cardiovascular risk factors and accounts for more than 5% of total deaths worldwide.: The economic impact of hypertension is enormous, representing $US23.74 bill ion in the US in 1995 and approximately US 1685 million in Spain in 1994. D irect costs amount to more than 50% of the total costs of hypertension, and almost 70% of these are attributable to drug treatment. Furthermore, hyper tensive patients use medical services 50% more-than normotensive individual s, and hypertension represents one of the 3 leading causes of visits to pri mary healthcare centres. When considering the cost effectiveness of hypertension treatment, there is no doubt that it is cost effective in comparison with Other interventions, although some controversies exist, mainly with respect to mild-tb-moderate hypertension and to the long term versus short term benefits. The controve rsy about the absolute risk of hypertension influences the cost-effectivene ss analysis. Because of the limitations of the available cost-effectiveness analyses, it is currently impossible to recommend the use- of any particular antihypert ensive drug for all patients with hypertension. Consequently, the choice of antihypertensive in any patient should be guided by clinical experience an d the recommendations of the present international guidelines.