Wb. Telfair et al., Histological comparison of corneal ablation with Er : YAG laser, Nd : YAG optical parametric oscillator, and excimer laser, J REFRACT S, 16(1), 2000, pp. 40-50
PURPOSE: To use histological techniques to assess and compare the ablation
depth, local damage, and surface quality of corneal ablations by a Q-switch
ed Er:YAG laser, an optical parametric oscillator laser at 2.94 mu m, a lon
g pulse Er:YAG laser, and a 193-nm excimer laser.
METHODS: Human cadaver eyes and in vivo eat eyes were treated with a 6.0-mm
diameter, 30-mu m-deep phototherapeutic keratectomy ablation and a 6.0-mm
diameter, -5.00-D photorefractive keratectomy ablation. Human cadaver eyes
mere also treated with a 5.0-mm diameter, -5.00-D laser in situ keratomileu
sis (LASIK) ablation, Fluences and pulse widths used were 200 mJ/cm(2) and
70 ns for the Q-switched Er:YAG, 150 mJ/cm(2) and 70 ns for the optical par
ametric oscillator laser (OPO), 500 mJ/cm(2) and 50 microseconds for the lo
ng pulse Er:YAG, and 160 mj/cm(2) and 20 ns for the excimer laser In the ab
lation rate study, 12 porcine eyes were ablated by the OPO laser with a ran
ge of layers and at different fluences ranging from 60 to 150 mJ/cm(2), all
using a 1.5-mm spot on the eye. The ablation depth of these acute ablation
s was evaluated by Light microscopy examination.
RESULTS: In the acute damage study, light microscopy showed a thin surface
layer in all samples with minimal thermal damage except on the long pulse E
r:YAG corneas. Transmission electron microscopy revealed less than 0.3-mu m
surface damage for an specimens of both the optical parametric oscillator
and the excimer laser samples with no evidence of collagen shrinkage. Trans
mission electron microscopy showed damage layers of 0.5 to 3 mu m for Q-swi
tched Er:YAG and 3 to 10 mu m for long pulse Er:YAG. Scanning electron micr
oscopy showed smooth surfaces in all eyes, although the excimer was the rou
ghest. In the porcine eye study ablations were produced in both PTK and PRK
modes with the ablation rate per layer increasing with the fluence. At 120
mJ/cm(2), the average ablation rate was 1.9 mu m per layer.
CONCLUSIONS: The histology from the short pulse mid-infrared optical parame
tric oscillator laser at 2.94 mu m was comparable to the 193-nm excimer wit
h a smooth, damage-free, ablation zone when performing PRK and LASIK.