Incidence and costs of 1987-1994 childhood injuries: Demographic breakdowns

Objectives. Injuries pose a threat to health and well-being and are a major source of medical spending in the United States for children and youth 0 t o 21 years of age. This study provides national estimates of the incidence of fatal and nonfatal childhood injuries and comprehensive cost estimates b y age, gender, race, family income, metropolitan residence, and place of in cident. Methods. Eight years of National Health Interview Survey data (1987 to 1994 ) were used to estimate nonfatal injury incidence rates among children and youth 21 years of age and younger. The survey documents all medically atten ded or temporarily disabling injuries within the 2 weeks before the intervi ew. Injuries were defined as diagnoses 800-995 in the International Classif ication of Diseases, Ninth Revision, excluding late effects cases. Fatality counts came from 1994 Vital Statistics. Estimates of the costs of injuries (1994 US dollars) included medical spend ing, lost future work, and lost quality of life. Medical payments included spending on hospital and professional services, rehabilitation, prescriptio ns, home health care, and medical equipment. Lost future work and lost qual ity of life consisted of the present value of work that children will be un able to do as adults if they are killed or permanently disabled combined wi th the pain and suffering that children and their families experience becau se of the injury. Cost estimates excluded parental income losses from work missed, property damage, legal costs, and insurance claims-adjustment costs related to permanent disability and death. Results. Incidence. A total of 3073 injury episodes for 3058 children were obtained from 8 years of National Health Interview Survey data. This repres ents 20.6 million children in the United States who were injured each year, or similar to 25 per 100 children. This translates to 56 000 nonfatal inju ry episodes each day that require medical attention or limit children's act ivity. For fatal injuries, the rate was 38 children per 100 000. The nonfat al injury rate for males (mean: 30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 29,31) wa s higher than the rate for females (mean: 20; 95% CI: 19,21); the fatal inj ury rate for males was more than twice that of females. Injury rates increased with age. Children 0 to 9 years of age had the lowes t rate of nonfatal injury. Rates for nonfatal injury among children 0 to 4 years of age were lower (mean: 20; 95% CI: 18,21) than those for the 5 to 9 age group (mean: 22; 95% CI: 20,23). However, the rate for fatal injuries (21 per 100 000) among the 0 to 4 age group was higher than the 5 to 9 age group (9 per 100 000). Nonfatal injury rates for children 10 years of age a nd older were higher, with the highest estimated injury rates in late adole scence (15-19 years; mean: 31; 95% CI: 29,33). Nonfatal injuries occurred at higher rates among white children (mean: 27; 95% CI: 26,28) than black children (mean: 19; 95% CI: 17,21) or children fr om other racial backgrounds (mean: 13; 95% CI: 10,16). The reverse was true for fatal injuries, with higher fatality rates among black children (59 pe r 100 000). Children in families with incomes under $5000 had the highest r ate of nonfatal injury (mean: 31; 95% CI: 27,35), followed by those in the $35 000 to $49 999 income range (mean: 25; 95% CI: 23,27). The rate of nonf atal injuries in the other income brackets were fairly similar, with those in the highest income bracket having the lowest rate (mean: 14; 95% CI: 13, 15). Fatality rates by family income were not available. The nonfatal injur y rate in nonmetropolitan areas (mean: 10; 95% CI: 9,11) was higher than in metropolitan areas (mean: 8; 95% CI: 7,8); the same was true for fatal inj ury rates (33 per 100 000 in nonmetropolitan areas vs 25 in metropolitan ar eas). Males consistently had higher injury rates than females across all places o f injury. Youth 15 years of age and older had higher rates for injuries tha t occur on the public roads, in recreation centers, and in industrial place s. With increasing age for both boys and girls, injuries at home declined, whereas injuries at school tended to climb. These trends reflect the develo pmental changes in time spent in these environments. Injury rates in indust rial places by age and gender were initially very low for children 0 to 14 years of age, then predictably increased for the 15 to 19 and 20 to 21 age groups, again caused by the increasing time spent in these places as childr en grow. Injury on farms had the lowest occurrence, rendering a breakdown b y age and gender unreliable. Costs. The estimated cost of unintentional childhood injuries was a stagger ing $347 billion each year. This estimate included $17 billion in medical c osts, $72 billion in future work lost, and $257 billion in lost quality of life. Injury accounts for approximately 15% of total medical spending from 1 to 21 years of age. The estimated cost per child injured was approximatel y $17 000. This included approximately $800 in medical payments alone; the estimated cost of lost future work and quality of life costs amounted to $3 500 and $12 400, respectively. The estimated cost per resident child was an estimated $4200. The annual costs of injuries per male child were $1500 hi gher than those per female, although the costs per injured male and per inj ured female were roughly similar. The total cost of injuries to white children ($283 billion) and higher inco me children ($48 billion) were the highest compared with those for minority and lower and middle income children. When looking at the cost per child i njury survivor, those in higher income families also have the highest costs . Children with non-white racial backgrounds had higher costs per injured c hild than did white children. Injuries to children in metropolitan areas co st $149 billion more than injuries to those in nonmetropolitan areas. Howev er, the costs per injured child in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas w ere relatively similar. Injuries that occurred on farms and industrial plac es had the lowest costs. Conclusions. Approximately 1 in 4 children in the United States are injured each year, with huge corresponding costs. This article demonstrates the po tential economic benefits of prevention programs targeted toward reducing c hildhood injuries.