Nonlinear elasticity of granular media

The linear and nonlinear elastic properties of granular media are analyzed within the context of effective medium theories. as well as with numerical molecular dynamic simulations, assuming the validity of the Hertz-Mindlin t heory at the single contact level. There is a crucial distinction between f orce laws which are path independent, leading to a hyper-elastic effective medium theory, and those which are path dependent, for which the deformatio n history must be followed explicitly. The effective medium theories provid e a reasonable description of existing experimental data, considered as a f unction of applied stress, but there are significant discrepancies. Numeric al simulations resolve the question as to whether the problem Lies with the treatment of the individual grain-grain contact or with the effective medi um approximation (ema). We find that the problem lies principally with the latter: The bulk modulus is well described by the ema but the shear modulus is not, principally because the ema does not correctly allow for the grain s to relax from the affine motion assumed by the ema. (C) 2000 Elsevier Sci ence B.V. All rights reserved.