Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic injury in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2

To investigate roles in intestinal inflammation for the 2 cyclooxygenase (C OX) isoforms, we determined susceptibility to spontaneous and induced acute colitis in mice lacking either the COX-1 or COX-2 isoform. We treated wild -type, COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and heterozygous mice with dextran sodium su lfate (DSS) to provoke acute colonic inflammation, and we quantified tissue damage, prostaglandin (PG) E-2, and interleukin-1 beta. No spontaneous gas trointestinal inflammation was detected in mice homozygous for either mutat ion, despite almost undetectable basal intestinal PGE(2) production in COX- 1-/- mice. Both COX-1(-/-) and COX-2(-/-) mice showed increased susceptibil ity to a low-dose of DSS that caused mild colonic epithelial injury in wild -type mice. COX-2(-/-) mice were more susceptible than COX-1(-/-) mice, and selective pharmacologic blockade of COX-2 potentiated injury in COX-1(-/-) mice. At a high dose, DSS treatment was fatal to 50% of the animals in eac h mutant group, but all wild-type mice survived. DSS treatment increased PG E(2) intestinal secretion in all groups except COX-2(-/-) mice. These resul ts demonstrate that COX-1 and COX-2 share a crucial role in the defense of the intestinal mucosa (with inducible COX-2 being perhaps more active durin g inflammation) and that neither isoform is essential in maintaining mucosa l homeostasis in the absence of injurious stimuli.