Mechanisms for latitudinal transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere

Energetic particles in the heliosphere, from relatively low-energy particle s which are accelerated in Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) to galacti c cosmic rays, are observed to propagate relatively easily in heliographic latitude. Two mechanisms for this transport appear possible: cross-field di ffusion, or, in a recent model for the heliospheric magnetic field, by dire ct magnetic connection. The commonalties and differences of these two mecha nisms are considered, and the need for future observations and modeling eff orts are discussed.