Ribosomal DNA, species structure, and biogeography of the cactophilic yeast Clavispora opuntiae

The ribosomal DNA of the cactophilic yeast species Clavispora opuntiae was studied in order to clarify the global distribution of the yeast. Over 500 strains, including isolates from several new localities worldwide, were cha racterized by rDNA restriction mapping. An unusual restriction pattern prev iously encountered only in one strain, from Conception Island in the Bahama s, was found in several Brazilian isolates. Sequences of the D1/D2 and D7/D 8 divergent domains of the large subunit (LSU) and of the intergenic spacer s (IGS) confirmed that these strains represent a genetically distinct varie ty of Clavispora opuntiae. This divergence had previously been hypothesized on the basis of reduced genetic recombination in inter-varietal crosses an d the presence of a polymorphic ApaI restriction site located in the LSU. T he exact position of the ApaI site in the D8 divergent domain and the natur e of the variation that it reveals were determined. The complete sequences of 12 intergenic spacers clarified the significance of the species-wide var iation uncovered by restriction mapping. Most of the polymorphic sites occu r in the IGS1 and IGS2 regions, on either side of the 5S gene, and the vari ation is largely due to differences in the numbers and the sequences of int ernal repeats. Two other polymorphic sites are located in the external tran scribed spacer (ETS) region. The reliability of various sites as indicators of overall spacer sequence divergence differed from one case to another. V ariety-specific probes were devised and used to screen 120 strains for the presence of recombinant rDNA spacers. Three strains gave ambiguous results, but these did not constitute evidence that inter-varietal recombination ha s taken place in nature. The hypothesis that the global movement of Clavisp ora opuntiae has been influenced by the worldwide biological control of pri ckly pear with Cactoblastis cactorum, a moth of Argentinian origin, has rec eived additional support from the demonstration that Argentinian strains ha ve rDNAs similar to those found where the moth has been introduced. A drama tic founder effect was identified in a yeast population collected in cacti (Maui, Hawaii) in a site where the moth had been recently introduced.