Automatic on-line electronic portal image analysis with a wavelet-based edge detector

A fully automatic method for on-line electronic portal image analysis is pr oposed. The method uses multiscale edge detection with wavelets for both th e field outline and the anatomical structures. An algorithm to extract and combine the information from different scales has been developed. The edges from the portal image are aligned with the edges from the reference image using chamfer matching. The reference is the first portal image of each tre atment. The matching is applied first to the field and subsequently to the anatomy. The setup deviations are quantified as the displacement of the ana tomical structures relative to the radiation beam boundaries. The performan ce of the algorithm was investigated for portal images with different contr ast and noise level. The automatic analysis was used first to detect simula ted displacements. Then the automatic procedure was tested on anterior-post erior and lateral portal images of a pelvic phantom. In both sets of tests the differences between the measured and the actual shifts were used to qua ntify the performance. Finally we applied the automatic procedure to clinic al images of pelvic and lung regions. The output of the procedure was compa red with the results of a manual match performed by a trained operator. The errors for the phantom tests were small: average standard deviation of 0.3 9 mm and 0.26 degrees and absolute mean error of 0.31 mm and 0.2 degrees we re obtained. In the clinical cases average standard deviations of 1.32 mm a nd 0.6 degrees were found. The average absolute mean errors were 1.09 mm an d 0.39 degrees. Failures were registered in 2% of the phantom tests and in 3% of the clinical cases. The algorithm execution is approximately 5 s on a 168 MHz Sun Ultra 2 workstation. The automatic analysis tool is considered to be a very useful tool for on-line setup corrections. (C) 2000 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [S0094-2405(00)00602-7].